Abstract
Radiation-induced damage is a common occurrence in cancer patients who undergo radiotherapy. In this setting, radiation-induced damage can be refractory because the regeneration responses of injured tissues or organs are not well stimulated. Mesenchymal stem cells have become ideal candidates for managing radiation-induced damage. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have a similar effect on repairing tissue damage mainly because these exosomes carry various bioactive substances, such as miRNAs, proteins and lipids, which can affect immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and cell survival and proliferation. Although the mechanisms by which mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes repair radiation damage have not been fully elucidated, we intend to translate their biological features into a radiation damage model and aim to provide new insight into the management of radiation damage.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be isolated from human tissues or organs, such as the bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, lung, spleen, liver or kidney [1]
We explore the pro-regenerative properties of MSC-exosomes in the field of radiation damage and aim to provide new insight into the management of radiation damage by using MSC-exosomes
Inducing proliferation and migration of fibroblasts; Promoting the expression of growth factors, like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), nerve growth factor (NGF) and SDF1; Activating Akt, Erk, and STAT3 signaling pathways, which are both involved in angiogenesis
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be isolated from human tissues or organs, such as the bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, lung, spleen, liver or kidney [1]. Despite being derived from multiple sources, MSCs display similar biological phenotypes and functions [2,3] Because of their autocrine and paracrine actions, MSCs have been shown to possess potency in repairing tissue damage [4]. Similar to other cellular exosomes, MSCexosomes are extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer structure and an average diameter of 100 nm [1,12] They carry bioactive molecules, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, lipids and cytokines [1], providing a context for researching the biological functions of MSC-exosomes. The benefits of delivering MSC-exosomes in disease models mainly include the attenuation of inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis and improvement in the survival and proliferation of stem or progenitor cells within injured tissues or organs [14] Such benefits can be achieved with MSCs as well. We explore the pro-regenerative properties of MSC-exosomes in the field of radiation damage and aim to provide new insight into the management of radiation damage by using MSC-exosomes
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