Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem Cells are potent therapeutic candidates in the field of regenerative medicine, owing to their immunomodulatory and differentiation potential. However, several complications come with their translational application like viability, duration, and degree of expansion, long-term storage, and high maintenance cost. Therefore, drawbacks of cell-based therapy can be overcome by a novel therapeutic modality emerging in translational research and application, i.e., exosomes. These small vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells are emerging as new avenues in the field of nano-medicine. These nano-vesicles have caught the attention of researchers with their potency as regenerative medicine both in nanotherapeutics and drug delivery systems. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge in the biology and handling of exosomes, with their limitations and future applications. Additionally, we highlight current perspectives that primarily focus on their effect on various diseases and their potential as a drug delivery vehicle.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have established their reputation as therapeutically beneficial agents owing to their immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive features
Studies related to the fate of MSC injections in vivo indicate that these cells migrate to, and get caught up in, the lung vasculature primarily and yet can showcase their healing capabilities at distant sites; this hints about the probable paracrine mechanism of action for these stem cells
The biogenesis of exosomes is of great interest because of their endosomal origin; this occurs via the classical ESCRT dependent pathway and the noncanonical pathway mediated by Alix and syntenin
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have established their reputation as therapeutically beneficial agents owing to their immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive features. They have immense regenerative capabilities and can be derived from multiple tissue sources, including bone marrow, Wharton’s jelly, adipose tissue, dental pulp, etc. Therapeutic focus is thereby shifted from MSCs toward these nanovesicles due to the limitations possessed by MSCs, including viability, duration, and degree of cell expansion, long-term storage incurring the high cost of maintenance, etc These nanosized particles carry an intricate range of molecules, are secreted by all cells, and are present in all biological fluids, which potentially establishes them as a suitable candidate for drug delivery and diagnostic purposes. Exosomes are enriched with proteolipoprotein, CD63, CD81, and TSG101 [14] (Figure 1)
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