Abstract
Two remote-sensing optical algorithms for the retrieval of the water quality components (WQCs) in the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System (APES) were developed and validated for chlorophyll a (Chl). Both algorithms were semi-empirical because they incorporated some elements of optical processes in the atmosphere, water, and air/water interface. One incorporated a very simple atmospheric correction and modified quasi-single-scattering approximation (QSSA) for estimating the spectral Gordon’s parameter, and the second estimated WQCs directly from the top of atmosphere satellite radiance without atmospheric corrections. A modified version of the Global Meteorological Database for Solar Energy and Applied Meteorology (METEONORM) was used to estimate directional atmospheric transmittances. The study incorporated in situ Chl data from the Ferry-Based Monitoring (FerryMon) program collected in the Neuse River Estuary (n = 633) and Pamlico Sound (n = 362), along with Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) satellite imagery collected (2006–2009) across the APES; providing quasi-coinciding samples for Chl algorithm development and validation. Results indicated a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.70 and mean-normalized root-mean-squares errors (NRMSE) of 52% in the Neuse River Estuary and R2 = 0.44 (NRMSE = 75 %) in the Pamlico Sound—without atmospheric corrections. The simple atmospheric correction tested provided on performance improvements. Algorithm performance demonstrated the potential for supporting long-term operational WQCs satellite monitoring in the APES.
Highlights
Ocean color was first measured from space in 1979 and has since provided a synoptic view of near-surface water quality components (WQCs) like chlorophyll a (Chl), volatile suspended solids (VSS), fixed suspended solids (FSS), total suspended solids (TSS), and absorption of chromophoric dissolved organic matter
Two semi-empirical remote-sensing optical algorithms for the retrieval of WQCs in the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System (APES) were developed and validated for potential operational monitoring to complement existing in situ monitoring programs (ModMon and FerryMon)
NRE in situ Chl data collected by FerryMon and remote sensing
Summary
Ocean color was first measured from space in 1979 and has since provided a synoptic view of near-surface water quality components (WQCs) like chlorophyll a (Chl), volatile suspended solids (VSS), fixed suspended solids (FSS), total suspended solids (TSS), and absorption of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (aCDOM). A number of ocean color satellite missions have been used to monitor phytoplankton biomass and other biogeochemical variables across temporal (daily to annual) and spatial (kilometers to ocean basin) scales [1]. Numerous satellite remote-sensing empirical and semi-empirical algorithms for water color retrieval (especially for oceanic phytoplankton) have been created during this time [2,3,4]. An extensive list of remote sensing methods for estimation of inherent optical properties (IOPs) including absorption (a) and backscattering (bb) coefficients have been reported by the International.
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