Abstract
Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) can be defined as the teaming of aerial robots (artificial agents) along with a human pilot (natural agent), in which the human agent is not an authoritative controller but rather a cooperative team player. To our knowledge, no study has yet evaluated the impact of MUM-T scenarios on operators' mental workload (MW) using a neuroergonomic approach (i.e., using physiological measures), nor provided a MW estimation through classification applied on those measures. Moreover, the impact of the non-stationarity of the physiological signal is seldom taken into account in classification pipelines, particularly regarding the validation design. Therefore this study was designed with two goals: (i) to characterize and estimate MW in a MUM-T setting based on physiological signals; (ii) to assess the impact of the validation procedure on classification accuracy. In this context, a search and rescue (S&R) scenario was developed in which 14 participants played the role of a pilot cooperating with three UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). Missions were designed to induce high and low MW levels, which were evaluated using self-reported, behavioral and physiological measures (i.e., cerebral, cardiac, and oculomotor features). Supervised classification pipelines based on various combinations of these physiological features were benchmarked, and two validation procedures were compared (i.e., a traditional one that does not take time into account vs. an ecological one that does). The main results are: (i) a significant impact of MW on all measures, (ii) a higher intra-subject classification accuracy (75%) reached using ECG features alone or in combination with EEG and ET ones with the Adaboost, Linear Discriminant Analysis or the Support Vector Machine classifiers. However this was only true with the traditional validation. There was a significant drop in classification accuracy using the ecological one. Interestingly, inter-subject classification with ecological validation (59.8%) surpassed both intra-subject with ecological and inter-subject with traditional validation. These results highlight the need for further developments to perform MW monitoring in such operational contexts.
Highlights
Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) can be seen as a cooperative teaming of multiple agents: several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and possibly several manned aircrafts
Electrocardiogram (ECG) A paired t−test for Heart Rate data and a paired Wilcoxon test for Heart Rate Variability were performed with respect to the two conditions
The EEG and ECG feature sets allowed to reach high classification accuracy with the traditional design with AB, Linear Discriminant Analyses (LDA), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) (p < 0.05), and all three feature types combined with the LDA (p < 0.05)
Summary
Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) can be seen as a cooperative teaming of multiple agents: several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and possibly several manned aircrafts. Our vision for the future of MUM-T missions is a team of several agents, in which an agent could be an artificial one—i.e., a UAV- or a human. In this context, the human agent is not considered as an operator controlling the UAV but rather as another team member participating as the other artificial agents. The implementation of such a MUMT organization will require more cooperation and coordination between the agents, that could increase the mental workload of the human agent. There are immense advantages to this approach as for instance: benefiting from the faster and more calculative capabilities of the artificial agents, and for the human agents’ better perception, judgment abilities and critical thinking (de Souza et al, 2020), increasing mission achievement chances while ensuring safety (Chanel et al, 2020b), or enabling a better proximity and state awareness of the human agents (Strenzke et al, 2011)
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