Mental toughness in sport: The Goal-Expectancy-Self-Control (GES) model

Abstract

Mental toughness (MT) has gained considerable attention in sport as an important factor for achieving goals in the presence of varying degrees of pressure, adversity or obstacles. Despite growing interest in MT, it seems that no clear consensus has been reached regarding its conceptualization. In order to broaden the current knowledge on MT, this critical review aims to: (a) critically address MT conceptual issues, (b) identify the most central aspects of MT, and (c) develop a conceptual model to study MT. Following a literature search across four databases, we have critically reviewed the scientific research on the subject. Based on this critical review, we have developed the Goal-Expectancy-Self-Control (GES) model. The GES model posits that when a stressor occurs, three psychological resources characterize MT, namely self-control, self-efficacy, and goals. The GES model captures key components of MT and explains how MT influences athletes’ performance. This model provides a foundation for further research on MT and leads to practical implications. Lay Summary: Mental toughness (MT) is widely used to describe athletes that perform in pressurized circumstances. While it may seem clear what MT means, no consensus has been reached regarding its conceptualization. To guide future research and interventions, we critically reviewed the literature and developed a new conceptual model that focuses on the most central aspects of MT. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The proposed model can lead to the development of effective and specific interventions to enhance mental toughness which target athletes, coaches and sport psychology consultants.