Mental health clinical pathways for children and young people with long-term health conditions: A systematic review.

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Clinical pathways (CPWs) are structured care plans that set out essential steps in the care of patients with a specific clinical problem. Amidst calls for the prioritisation of integrated mental and physical health care for young people, multidisciplinary CPWs have been proposed as a step towards closer integration. There is very limited evidence around CPWs for young people with mental and physical health needs, necessitating a review of the literature. The aim of this review is to understand how clinical pathways have been used to deliver mental health support to children and young people with long-term physical health conditions and their effectiveness across a range of outcomes. The databases MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFOand CINAHL were searched from inception to 6September 2023. Keywords linked to children and young people, mental health, long-term physical health conditionsand CPWs were used. Studies using either quantitative or qualitative research designs were included. All studies must have evaluated a CPW to provide mental health support to children and young people (up to 25 years old) with long-term health physical conditions. Both mental and physical health outcomes were considered. Pathways were grouped by integration 'model' as described in the wider literature. The initial search returned 4082 studies after deduplication. A total of eight studies detailing six distinct care pathways (232 participants [170 children and young people; 50 caregivers; 12 healthcare professionals]) met eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. Four pathways were conducted within an 'integrated model'; two were a combination of 'integrated' and 'colocated'; and none within a 'co-ordinated model'. Only pathways within an integrated model reported quantitative health outcomes, with improvements across a range of mental health measures. One negative physical health outcome was reported from an integrated diabetes pathway, but this should be interpreted with caution. This review identified a range of CPW designs but most fell under an integrated model. The results suggest that calls for integrated mental health pathways in this population may be appropriate;however, conclusions are limited by a paucity of evidence.