Abstract
Yakima County, Washington is an area with prolonged exposure to poor air quality (PM 2.5) and has been one of the hardest hit counties in cases per capita of COVID-19 in the Western US. The physical health impacts of poor air quality exposure and COVID-19 have been well documented. However, the mental health impacts of these concurrent exposures are unknown. A pilot study (n=232) surveyed households using random-digit-dialing (RDD) in Yakima, County in Dec 2020-Jan 2021 to understand the spread of COVID-19 in vulnerable communities. Air quality behaviors and contexts including home filtration systems and use of community shelters during poor air quality events were measured. Mental distress was measured by the John Hopkins’s Mental Distress COVID-19 Community Response Survey. Descriptive data analysis along with Spearman’s rank correlation analysis were performed. Nearly half of the sample (45.3%) did not have access to air quality mitigation measures in their homes. The majority of the sample (54.3%) reported wanting to access clean air shelters during major air quality events such as the smoke and wildfire season of 2020. Participants who were unable to mitigate poor air quality in their households as well as those who were unable to access community clean air shelters were observed to have higher levels of mental distress (p<.05). This study adds to the body of evidence that environmental exposures play a significant role in mental health and that compounding impacts of climate change should be studied more in depth. Household interventions should be explored as COVID-19 has brought community protection measures to a halt, while climate change induced natural disasters will only increase in the future.
Highlights
Yakima County, Washington displayed the highest COVID19 infection rate among any county on the West Coast of the United States in early Spring 2020 (Geranios, 2020) with an initial peak of over 700 cases per 100,000 populations during June of 2020 (Washington State Coronavirus Response, 2021)
This study aims to investigate the association between air pollution mitigation factors and mental distress during COVID-19 conditions
It is difficult to make a direct comparison on the mental health distress scale used to assess the impact of COVID-19 versus typical population mental health monitoring, this study lays the groundwork for understanding the degree to which mental health distress is of significant concern in the target community who faces complex risk factors for respiratory illness, including COVID-19
Summary
Yakima County, Washington displayed the highest COVID19 infection rate among any county on the West Coast of the United States in early Spring 2020 (Geranios, 2020) with an initial peak of over 700 cases per 100,000 populations during June of 2020 (Washington State Coronavirus Response, 2021). Yakima municipality has been ranked as the 5th worst and Yakima County as 13th worst for short-term particle air pollution in the United States (American Lung Association, 2021). This increased environmental exposure may exacerbate vulnerability to COVID-19 disease and lead to poor respiratory outcomes (Azuma et al, 2020; Ching and Kajino, 2020; Wu et al, 2020). Environmental changes can increase mental distress and feelings of uncertainty and insecurity (Usher et al, 2020). Perceptions of low quality of life and environmental stressors can decrease one’s ability to cope with mental distress (Chwaszcz et al, 2021)
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