Abstract
The pharmacological properties of Eleutherococcus senticosus leaf have not been clarified although it is taken as a food item. In this study, the effects of water extract of Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves on memory function were investigated in normal mice. Oral administration of the extract for 17 days significantly enhanced object recognition memory. Compounds absorbed in blood and the brain after oral administration of the leaf extract were detected by LC-MS/MS analyses. Primarily detected compounds in plasma and the cerebral cortex were ciwujianoside C3, eleutheroside M, ciwujianoside B, and ciwujianoside A1. Pure compounds except for ciwujianoside A1 were administered orally for 17 days to normal mice. Ciwujianoside C3, eleutheroside M, and ciwujianoside B significantly enhanced object recognition memory. These results demonstrated that oral administration of the leaf extract of E. senticosus enhances memory function, and that active ingredients in the extract, such as ciwujianoside C3, eleutheroside M, and ciwujianoside B, were able to penetrate and work in the brain. Those three compounds as well as the leaf extract had dendrite extension activity against primary cultured cortical neurons. The effect might relate to memory enhancement.
Highlights
IntroductionEleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (synonymous with Acanthopanax senticosus), known as “Siberian Ginseng” (English), “Ciwujia” (Chinese), or “Ezoukogi” (Japanese), is a species of woody shrub in the family Araliaceae [1]
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., known as “Siberian Ginseng” (English), “Ciwujia” (Chinese), or “Ezoukogi” (Japanese), is a species of woody shrub in the family Araliaceae [1]
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the water extract of E. senticosus leaves on cognitive function and determine which active constituents passed the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
Summary
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (synonymous with Acanthopanax senticosus), known as “Siberian Ginseng” (English), “Ciwujia” (Chinese), or “Ezoukogi” (Japanese), is a species of woody shrub in the family Araliaceae [1]. (synonymous with Acanthopanax senticosus), known as “Siberian Ginseng” (English), “Ciwujia” (Chinese), or “Ezoukogi” (Japanese), is a species of woody shrub in the family Araliaceae [1]. The rhizomes and roots of E. senticosus are recorded in the Chinese and Japanese pharmacopoeias as a treatment for neurasthenia, hypertension, chronic coughing, and ischemic heart disease. E. senticosus leaf is classified as food, and has been taken as tea, soups, wine, and so on. Antibacterial and glucosidase inhibitory effects of E. senticosus leaves have been reported in in vitro experiments [2,3,4,5]. In vivo data of the leaf extract are hardly reported, except for reducing activity of triglycerides in high-fat diet–fed mice [6]. A phytochemical investigation revealed that the major constituents in leaves of this plant are triterpene saponins, caffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which are different from
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