Abstract
Perhaps the most idiosyncratic characteristic of twentieth-century despotism was its obsession with historical revision. When considered against history's many brutal tyrants, Hitler, Mussolini, Mao, and Stalin stand out as pathological rewriters of personal and state history. If, as Stalin said, a totalitarian regime imposed ideological consent through the engineering of human souls, then much of this effort was spent creating and enforcing elaborate counter-histories. "Day by day and almost minute by minute," George Orwell wrote in 1984, "the past was brought up to date."
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