Abstract

Modern theatrical performances in Bengali language in Calcutta, the capital of British colonial rule, thrived from the mid-nineteenth century though they did not include women performers till 1874. The story of the early actresses is difficult to trace due to a lack of evidence in contemporary sources. So though a researcher is vaguely aware of their significance and contribution to Indian theatre, they have remained shadowy figures – nameless except for those few who have left a written testimony of their lives and activities. It is my intention through the study of this primary material and the scattered references to these legendary actresses in vernacular journals and memoirs, to recreate the stories of some of these divas and draw a connection between testimony and lasting memory. ***Memória e testemunho escrito: as atrizes do teatro público em Calcutá nos séculos XIX e XX***As representações teatrais modernas na língua bengali em Calcutá, a capital do governo colonial britânico, prosperaram a partir de meados do século XIX, embora não incluíssem mulheres até 1874. É difícil traçar a história das primeiras atrizes devido à falta de evidências em fontes contemporâneas. Dessa forma, embora o pesquisador tenha uma vaga consciência de sua contribuição e importância para o teatro indiano, elas permaneceram obscuras – anônimas, com exceção daquelas que deixaram um testemunho escrito de suas vidas e atividades. Por meio do estudo desse material primário e das referências esparsas a essas lendárias atrizes em diários e memórias na língua vernácula, pretendo recriar as histórias de algumas dessas divas e estabelecer uma conexão entre testemunho e memória duradouraPalavras-chave: Atrizes; Teatro bengali; Párias sociais; Representação e produção criativa; Memória e testemunho escrito.

Highlights

  • Modern theatrical performances in Bengali language in Calcutta, the capital of British colonial rule, thrived from the mid-nineteenth century though they did not include women performers till 1874

  • The story of the early actresses is difficult to trace due to a lack of evidence in contemporary sources

  • Though a researcher is vaguely aware of their significance and contribution to Indian theatre, they have remained shadowy figures – nameless except for those few who have left a written testimony of their lives and activities

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Summary

Overcoming disadvantages of their backgrounds

Even when a woman was brought into theatre to perform, there was still a lot to be achieved before she achieved the high level that audience aspired. Dancing according to Girish Ghosh was not a part of the theatre in the initial years probably because the newly educated westernized Bengali looked down upon the popular dance style khemta which the farces propagated and Ghosh took the important step of transforming it into attractive dance sequences with formal dance training for the actresses.12Even the basic acting had to be taught to the actresses since they all came to the theatre at a very tender age and could barely relate to the characters they had to portray They were taught by the legendary actors of the time like Girish Ghosh, Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi or Amritalal Bose or Amritalal Mitra. They learnt to take pride in themselves and their work, but at the same time became dependent on their tutor-patrons

Recreating lives through testimony
Story untold is an artistic life forgotten
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