Abstract
Groundwater contains many impurities, salts, and mineral elements. Therefore, there is an essential demand to make water more purified from these impurities. There are many ways to purify water such as desalination and membranes technology . Polymeric, ceramic, and composite membranes are widely used in membranes manufacturing with a nanofiber/ nanomaterial membrane for groundwater filtration. To enhance membrane water flux and fouling, inorganic materials are embedded to the membrane polymeric solution. In the present review, water challenges in Egypt and ground water distribution is the focus. In addition, membrane technology with focus in materials, techniques, fouling, modules, and filtration process will discuss.
Highlights
Lack of water has become a serious threat in many areas around the world due to population growth and industrial growth
Groundwater is the second source of water after the Nile in Upper Egypt and the important source of water for different purposes in the desert areas, so checking groundwater quality is of a high advantage for insuring health [13].These challenges increase the demand for the use of groundwater, and purify and treat it for using in drinking and agriculture to face the risk of water poverty in the future [14]
Microporous membranes usually used in MF, UF, and membrane distillation are fabricated by extrusion followed by stretching technique
Summary
Lack of water has become a serious threat in many areas around the world due to population growth and industrial growth. Because of the oil leakage and its mixing with water and rapid industrial development that casts a large amount of water contaminated with oil on the environment, such as petrochemicals, petroleum refining, food, and metal finishing [4]. Such as most industrial activities, oil and gas production operations generating large quantities of effluents. There are many desalination processes, researchers are focusing on membrane use at present because of low energy consumption These days the membrane is widely used to produce drinking water from the sea [6]. A focus on ground water in Egypt and membrane as green technology for water purifications will discussed and reviewed
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