Abstract
Membrane surface properties and their effect on the efficiency of ultrafiltration (UF) of real waste oily emulsions was studied. Experiments were performed in cross-flow operation at total recycle condition in a lab-scale system. The ceramic UF membrane in the tubular type module was employed. During the experiments permeate flux was measured. The most important influential factors, such as temperature, TMP, and pH, were considered during the experiments. Zeta potential was measured in order to explain the phenomena on the membrane surface. The isoelectric point of the fouled membrane was shifted to the alkaline range. COD removal efficiency reached 89%. Gas chromatography measurements were performed in order to determine the composition of waste emulsions. SEM micrographs showed the formation of calcite on the membrane, which contributed to membrane fouling. Chemical cleaning was examined using alkaline and acid solutions, and a cleaning strategy was determined.
Highlights
IntroductionReal oil-in-water emulsions contain up to 95% water and 5% solvents, such as alcohols (nonyl-phenols, ethoxylated alcohols), formaldehyde-based biocides, sequestrate media, corrosion inhibitors (benzotriazole, propylene glycole) and surfactants (amine propoxylate) (Lobo et al, 2006; Bennito et al, 2010)
Real oil-in-water emulsions contain up to 95% water and 5% solvents, such as alcohols, formaldehyde-based biocides, sequestrate media, corrosion inhibitors and surfactants (Lobo et al, 2006; Bennito et al, 2010)
An iso-electrical point (IEP) for applied ceramic membrane was determined at pH = 5.3
Summary
Real oil-in-water emulsions contain up to 95% water and 5% solvents, such as alcohols (nonyl-phenols, ethoxylated alcohols), formaldehyde-based biocides, sequestrate media, corrosion inhibitors (benzotriazole, propylene glycole) and surfactants (amine propoxylate) (Lobo et al, 2006; Bennito et al, 2010). The quantity of additives varies in different products, even if the purpose of the product is the same (Lin and Lan, 1998). Different sources of emulsions are mixed together; such waste emulsions are very difficult to treat due to their diverse concentration and composition (Cheng et al, 2005; Gutiérrez et al, 2007). More than one process has to be adopted for efficient emulsion treatment (Bensadok et al, 2007). Pre-treatment is mostly done by breaking the emulsion using coagulants (Cañizares et al, 2008). Oil and organic additives are separated from the de-emulsified solution
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