Membrane Rafts: Portals for Viral Entry.

Sabina Andreu,Raquel Bello-Morales,José Antonio López-Guerrero,Inés Ripa

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.631274

Sabina Andreu, Raquel Bello-Morales + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.631274

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Abstract

Membrane rafts are dynamic, small (10–200 nm) domains enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids that compartmentalize cellular processes. Rafts participate in roles essential to the lifecycle of different viral families including virus entry, assembly and/or budding events. Rafts seem to participate in virus attachment and recruitment to the cell surface, as well as the endocytic and non-endocytic mechanisms some viruses use to enter host cells. In this review, we will introduce the specific role of rafts in viral entry and define cellular factors implied in the choice of one entry pathway over the others. Finally, we will summarize the most relevant information about raft participation in the entry process of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.

Highlights

“Membrane rafts” or “lipid rafts” are small, dynamic membrane domains enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids present in the plasma membrane, as well as in intracellular membranes and extracellular vesicles
Rafts are required for activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in the early stage of infection (Das et al, 2010). For initiation of this cascade, recruitment of the receptor HSP70 into rafts is necessary (Zhu et al, 2012b). All these results suggest the possible involvement of rafts as a platform to concentrate Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) particles and their cellular receptors, and the subsequent virus internalization by clathrin-coated pits (CCPs)
Raft participation has only been demonstrated during the attachment event, without insight about an involvement in endocytosis or fusion

Summary

Introduction

“Membrane rafts” or “lipid rafts” are small, dynamic membrane domains enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids present in the plasma membrane, as well as in intracellular membranes and extracellular vesicles. Location of viral particles and/or cell receptors on membrane rafts gives us a lot of information about the entry pathway, it is important to consider that viruses may enter through a region different from the initial attachment site.

Results

Conclusion