Abstract
Water is today considered to be a vital and limited resource due to industrial development and population growth. Developing appropriate water treatment techniques, to ensure a sustainable management, represents a key point in the worldwide strategies. By removing both organic and inorganic species using techniques based on coupling membrane processes and appropriate complexing agents to bind pollutants are very important alternatives to classical separation processes in water treatment. Supported Liquid Membrane (SLM) and Complexation Ultrafiltration (CP-UF) based processes meet the sustainability criteria because they require low amounts of energy compared to pressure driven membrane processes, low amounts of complexing agents and they allow recovery of water and some pollutants (e.g., metals). A more interesting process, on the application point of view, is the Stagnant Sandwich Liquid Membrane (SSwLM), introduced as SLM implementation. It has been studied in the separation of the drug gemfibrozil (GEM) and of copper(II) as organic and inorganic pollutants in water. Obtained results showed in both cases the higher efficiency of SSwLM with respect to the SLM system configuration. Indeed higher stability (335.5 vs. 23.5 hours for GEM; 182.7 vs. 49.2 for copper(II)) and higher fluxes (0.662 vs. 0.302 mmol·h-1·m-2 for GEM; 43.3 vs. 31.0 for copper(II)) were obtained by using the SSwLM. Concerning the CP-UF process, its feasibility was studied in the separation of metals from waters (e.g., from soil washing), giving particular attention to process sustainability such as water and polymer recycle, free metal and water recovery. The selectivity of the CP-UF process was also validated in the separate removal of copper(II) and nickel(II) both contained in synthetic and real aqueous effluents. Thus, complexation reactions involved in the SSwLM and the CP-UF processes play a key role to meet the sustainability criteria.
Highlights
Water is an essential element for the life on the Earth, playing a major role in climate regulation and in bio-geological cycles [1]
In 2002 we proposed the use of a Stagnant Sandwich Liquid Membrane (SSwLM) for copper(II)
GEM permeation tests were carried out by using the SSwLM made with Supor 200 supports placing the module horizontally as reported in our previous works [28,31]
Summary
Water is an essential element for the life on the Earth, playing a major role in climate regulation and in bio-geological cycles [1]. This resource generates development in socio-economical issues crucial to society in general and for industries, agricultural activities and for the public use [2]. The demand of water for human consumption and for agricultural and industrial purposes is drastically increasing, so that the most available resources became insufficient. The meaning of sustainability in the context of water resources management has been progressively changed in a quite perceptibly mode during the human history [3,4]. Water is become one of the pivot of sustainable development
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