Abstract
BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction has been closely related to many pathologic processes, such as cellular apoptosis. Alterations in organelle membrane potential are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. A fluorine-18 labeled phosphonium compound: 18F-triphenylphosphonium (18F-TPP) was prepared to determine its potential use as a mitochondria-targeting radiopharmaceutical to evaluate cellular apoptosis. MethodsStudies were conducted in both ex vivo cell lines and in vivo using a burned animal model. Uptake of 18F-TPP was assessed in PC-3 cells by gamma counting under the following conditions: graded levels of extracellular potassium concentrations, incubation with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and staurosporine. Apoptosis was studied in a burn animal model using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining and simultaneous assessment of 18F-TPP uptake by biodistribution. ResultsWe found that stepwise membrane depolarization by potassium (K) resulted in a linear decrease in 18F-TPP uptake, with a slope of 0.62 ± 0.08 and a correlation coefficient of 0.936 ± 0.11. Gradually increased concentrations of m-chlorophenylhydrazone lead to decreased uptake of 18F-TPP. Staurosporine significantly decreased the uptake of 18F-TPP in PC-3 cells from 14.2 ± 3.8% to 5.6 ± 1.3% (P < 0.001). Burn-induced significant apoptosis (sham: 4.4 ± 1.8% versus burn: 24.6 ± 6.7 %; P < 0.005) and a reduced uptake of tracer in the spleens of burn-injured animals as compared with sham burn controls (burn: 1.13 ± 0.24% versus sham: 3.28 ± 0.67%; P < 0.005). Biodistribution studies demonstrated that burn-induced significant reduction in 18F-TPP uptake in spleen, heart, lung, and liver, which were associated with significantly increased apoptosis. Conclusions18F-TPP is a promising new voltage sensor for detecting mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in various tissues.
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