Abstract
AbstractThe United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) promulgated the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, which has identified membrane filtration as a treatment technology that may be used to achieve the required level of Cryptosporidium treatment. This rule, along with the companion: Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Rule, constitutes the principal US regulations for the application of the membrane technology in potable water treatment.The primary elements of the regulatory requirements for membrane filtration including the definition of membrane filtration, as well as challenge testing, direct integrity testing, and continuous indirect integrity monitoring, are summarized in this chapter. The requirements and procedure for challenge testing, which is required to demonstrate the ability of the treatment process to remove a specific target organism, are explained in detail. The removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing establishes the log removal value (LRV) or removal credit that a membrane process would be eligible to receive. The core requirements of direct integrity testing and continuous indirect integrity monitoring are fully discussed. Design example and case studies are presented. Various water and wastewater physicochemical processes (such as, conventional sand filtration, direct filtration, contact filtration, slow sand filtration, cartridge filtration, diatomaceous earth filtration, dissolved air flotation, sedimentation, lime softening, coagulation, bank filtration, second stage filtration, continuous backwash upflow dual sand filtration, UV, chlorination, chloramination, ozonation, chlorine dioxide oxidation, etc.) are compared with membrane filtration for removal and/or inactivation of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and virus.Key WordsMembrane filtrationregulations Cryptosporidium removal Giardia removalremoval efficiencylog removal value (LRV)challenge testing, direct integrity testingcontinuous indirect integrity monitoringprocess comparisonLong Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment RuleDisinfectants and Disinfection By-Products Rule.
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