Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) and forward osmosis (FO) are attracting interest for reuse and desalination applications. Both processes are low pressure and suited to using low-grade thermal energy, such as waste heat and solar, which yield low greenhouse-gas emissions. MD applications include desalination, concentrate processing by MD crystallization, and a unique MD bioreactor with high-quality permeate for wastewater reclamation. FO applications include desalting, brine usage, and an FO bioreactor, which also produces high-quality permeate for reuse. This article reviews research developments in MD and FO at the Singapore Membrane Technology Centre.
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