Abstract
Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H is a marine Gram-negative psychrophile; it was isolated from Arctic marine sediments, but it is considered cosmopolitan in cold environments. This microorganism is considered a model to study adaptive strategies to sub-zero temperatures, and its lifestyle has been the object of numerous studies. In the last few years, we focused our studies on the glycoconjugates produced by C. psychrerythraea 34H at 4°C, resulting in the isolation and characterization of very interesting molecules. It produces an unusual lipooligosaccharide molecule and both capsular and medium released polysaccharides. In this study, we described the response of these glycoconjugates in terms of production and chemical structure produced by C. psychrerythraea 34H grown in planktonic conditions at −2, 4, and 8°C. The glycopolymers have been detected by chemical methods and spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, the glycopolymer content of the biofilm matrix of C. psychrerythraea 34H has been evaluated, through confocal microscopy and glycosyl analysis. The results highlighted that C. psychrerythraea 34H adjusts both the production and the typology of its glyconjugates in response to temperature fluctuations.
Highlights
Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice, glaciers, and deep ocean waters are some of the examples of environments where the temperature is below 0◦C
As previously performed in case of Colwellia 34H grown at 4◦C, a preliminary analysis on the Arctic bacterium grown at −2 and 8◦C was performed by transmission electron microscopy, and the presence of a capsular structure around the cells was visible either at −2 or at 8◦C (Supplementary Figure 1)
The dried cells from Colwellia 34H grown at the temperatures of −2, 4, and 8◦C were extracted by the phenol 90%/chloroform/light petroleum ether (2:5:8) (PCP) method to recover the crude LPSs
Summary
Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice, glaciers, and deep ocean waters are some of the examples of environments where the temperature is below 0◦C. These habitats create the perfect niches for the colonization of psychrophiles, microorganism able to grow well at temperatures around the freezing point of water. These bacteria evolved several strategies to counteract the lowering temperatures (Siddiqui et al, 2013; Collins and Margesin, 2019). The role of the surface glycoconjugates molecules in the cold adaptation mechanism has been investigated (Nichols et al, 2005; Carillo et al, 2015; Casillo et al, 2019a)
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