Melatonin stimulates antioxidant enzymes and reduces oxidative stress in experimental traumatic brain injury: the Nrf2–ARE signaling pathway as a potential mechanism

Abstract

The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential involvement of melatonin in the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and antioxidant-responsive element (Nrf2–ARE) signaling pathway and the modulation of antioxidant enzyme activity in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In experiment 1, ICR mice were divided into four groups: sham group, TBI group, TBI + vehicle group, and TBI + melatonin group (n = 38 per group). Melatonin (10mg/kg) was administered via an intraperitoneal (ip) injection at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4h post-TBI. In experiment 2, Nrf2 wild-type (Nrf2+/+ group) and Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2−/− group) mice received a TBI insult followed by melatonin administration (10mg/kg, ip) at the corresponding time points (n = 35 per group). The administration of melatonin after TBI significantly ameliorated the effects of the brain injury, such as oxidative stress, brain edema, and cortical neuronal degeneration. Melatonin markedly promoted the translocation of Nrf2 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus; increased the expression of Nrf2–ARE pathway-related downstream factors, including heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1; and prevented the decline of antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, knockout of Nrf2 partly reversed the neuroprotection of melatonin after TBI. In conclusion, melatonin administration may increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and attenuate brain injury in a TBI model, potentially via mediation of the Nrf2–ARE pathway.