Abstract
BackgroundMelatonin (MT) is important for plant growth and development; however, it is not known whether MT is involved in apple adventitious root (AR) development. In this study, we treated Malus prunifolia (MP) at four different stages of AR development, and analyzed the level of the endogenous hormones MT, auxin (IAA), zeatin-riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GA1 + 3) in all four treatment groups and the untreated control group. The expression of MT, IAA biosynthesis, transport and signal transduction, the cell cycle, and root development related genes were quantified by RT-qPCR. The function of MdWOX11 was analyzed in transgenic apple plants.ResultsThe promotion of AR development by MT was dependent on the stage of AR induction between 0 and 2 d in apple rootstocks. MT-treatment increased the level of IAA and crosstalk existed between MT and IAA during AR formation. The expression of MdWOX11 was induced by MT treatment and positively regulated AR formation in apple. Furthermore, transgenic lines that overexpressed MdWOX11 lines produced more ARs than ‘GL3’. Phenotypic analysis indicated that MdWOX11 overexpression lines were more sensitive to exogenous MT treatment than ‘GL3’, suggesting that MdWOX11 regulates AR formation in response to MT in apple rootstock.ConclusionsMT promotes AR formation mainly during the AR induction stage by inducing IAA levels and upregulating MdWOX11.
Highlights
Melatonin (MT) is important for plant growth and development; it is not known whether MT is involved in apple adventitious root (AR) development
The aim of this study was to identify the precise time at which MT promotes AR formation in tissue-culture plantlets of Malus prunifolia (MP) apple rootstocks
0–2 d represents the stage of AR induction, 2–5 d represents AR initiation, and 5–20 d covers the stages of AR primordium formation and AR emergence in MP
Summary
Melatonin (MT) is important for plant growth and development; it is not known whether MT is involved in apple adventitious root (AR) development. We treated Malus prunifolia (MP) at four different stages of AR development, and analyzed the level of the endogenous hormones MT, auxin (IAA), zeatin-riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GA1 + 3) in all four treatment groups and the untreated control group. Malus prunifolia (MP) is widely known as the easiest-rooting apple rootstock. It offers advantages such as good graft compatibility, cold resistance, salt and alkali tolerance, and disease and insect resistance. Adventitious roots (ARs) induction from stem basal tissues is a major step in the vegetative propagation of apple rootstocks. The processes required for AR formation have been studied in different plants, including rice [3], Arabidopsis [4, 5], and poplar [6]; methods for improving AR formation in apple have not been studied
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