Melatonin improves the germination rate of cotton seeds under drought stress by opening pores in the seed coat.

Zhiying Bai,Yongjiang Zhang,Cundong Li,Liantao Liu,Shuang Xiao,Yandan Bai,Hongchun Sun,Zichen Zhang,Ke Zhang,Xiaodan Wang

doi:10.7717/peerj.9450

Abstract

The germination of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds is affected by drought stress; however, little is known about the physiological mechanism affecting germination and the effect of melatonin (MT) on cotton seed germination under drought stress. Therefore, we studied the effects of exogenous MT on the antioxidant capacity and epidermal microstructure of cotton under drought stress. The results demonstrated a retarded water absorption capacity of testa under drought stress, significantly inhibiting germination and growth in cotton seeds. Drought stress led to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and osmoregulatory substances (e.g., proline, soluble protein, and soluble sugars); it also decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and α-amylase. Drought stress inhibited gibberellin acid (GA3) synthesis and increased abscisic acid (ABA) content, seriously affecting seed germination. However, seeds pre-soaked with MT (100 µM) showed a positive regulation in the number and opening of stomata in cotton testa. The exogenous application of MT increased the germination rate, germination potential, radical length, and fresh weight, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and α-amylase. In addition, MT application increased the contents of organic osmotic substances by decreasing the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2-), and MDA levels under drought stress. Further analysis demonstrated that seeds pre-soaked with MT alleviated drought stress by affecting the ABA and GA3 contents. Our findings show that MT plays a positive role in protecting cotton seeds from drought stress.

Highlights

Drought is a global challenge because of climate warming and increasingly constrained water resources (Jury & Vaux, 2005)
Pre-soaking seeds with 100 μM MT was the most effective at relieving drought stress, and the results showed that germination potential (GP), germination rate (GR), radical length (RL), and fresh weight (FW) increased by 8.99%, 10.42%, 7.62%, and 53.37% respectively, compared to the 0 μM MT treatment
Our experiments showed complementary evidence that the germination rate of cotton seeds was inhibited by the application of 10% PEG-6000 (Fig. 2) because it caused a negative regulation in physiological mechanisms and inhibited water absorption by seeds, suggesting that drought stress affected cotton seed germination

Summary

Introduction

Drought is a global challenge because of climate warming and increasingly constrained water resources (Jury & Vaux, 2005). Drought is one of the main abiotic stress factors limiting the growth and yield of plants (Farooq et al, 2009a), and the changing global climate is making this situation more extreme (Farooq et al, 2013). Melatonin improves the germination rate of cotton seeds under drought stress by opening pores in the seed coat. Plants have evolved complex stress-resistant mechanisms to counteract damage due to drought, which may allow plants to complete their life cycles (Ahammed et al, 2019a)

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Conclusion