Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease resulting in loss of self-tolerance with multiple organs, such as the kidney, skin, joints, and the central nervous system (CNS), being targeted. Numerous immunosuppressant therapies are currently being used for the treatment of SLE, but their clinical utility is somewhat variable because of the clinical heterogeneity. Melanocortins are a family of peptides derived from the common precursor protein pro-opiomelanocortin. These multifunctional peptides activate five subtypes of melanocortin receptors expressed on immune, skin, muscle, bone, and kidney cells and cells within the CNS. Melanocortin peptides have demonstrated a variety of biologic actions including immunomodulation, melanogenesis, and renoprotection. This review aims to introduce the melanocortin system and explore the mechanisms by which they may be beneficial in diseases such as SLE.
Highlights
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the loss of self-tolerance and chronic inflammation that manifest in organs such as the skin, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS)
This review aims to provide a broader appreciation of the melanocortin peptides, highlight their anti-inflammatory effects on varied immune cell subsets, and stimulate discussion on the possible role(s) for melanocortins in the treatment of SLE
Melanocortins have the potential to downregulate inflammation in both immune cells and in cells of organs targeted by SLE such as the skin, joints, CNS, and kidney [94]
Summary
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the loss of self-tolerance and chronic inflammation that manifest in organs such as the skin, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS). High levels of morbidity and mortality are associated with SLE, resulting from damage in a variety of organs. A hallmark of SLE is the presence of autoantibodies, which can be directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens. These observations have led to a strong interest in therapeutically targeting the immune system. A number of immunosuppressant therapies are currently used for the treatment of SLE, including synthetic glucocorticoids, anti-malarials, and other immune suppressants, including the B cell-targeted therapy Benlysta® (belimumab) [1].
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