Melanin-mediated accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human hair: Insights from biomonitoring and cell exposure studies

Abstract

While human hair is widely used to monitor micro-organic contaminants (MOCs), their incorporation mechanisms are poorly understood. Melanin, known to facilitate the accumulation of drugs in hair, hasn’t been studied in the field of MOCs. Here, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of priority MOCs, were investigated through hair biomonitoring as well as cell exposure experiments. PAH concentrations and melanin contents were measured in black and white hairs from the same individual. The results showed that five dominant PAHs (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene) in black hair (0.66 ng/g – 35.1 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in white hair (0.52 ng/g – 29.6 ng/g). Melanin contents in black hair (14.9 – 48.9 ng/g) were markedly higher than in white hair (0.35 – 2.15 ng/g) and were correlated to PAH concentrations, hinting melanin-mediated accumulation of PAHs in hair. The in vitro experiment using murine melanoma cells demonstrates that PAH levels in cells were affected by melanin, suggesting the affinity of melanin to PAHs. Both biomonitoring and cell exposure experiment implicate the pivotal role of melanin in PAH accumulation in hair. Therefore, to ensure the accuracy of hair biomonitoring for MOCs, attention must be paid to the melanin content uniformity.