Abstract
The Quaternary is marked by numerous climatic fluctuations, including glacial and interglacial periods. Interglacial periods were characterized by warmer and wetter conditions, and are associated with a unique group of large vertebrate animals, or mammals. Fossil remains of these large mammalian vertebrates, such as elephants, rhinoceroses, horses, deer, and boars, are commonly found in Quaternary sediments. One reason for the abundance of Quaternary vertebrate fossils compared to those from other geological epochs is the relatively young age of Quaternary deposits. Additionally, the size of these creatures' skeletal remains and their higher preservation potential in high-energy environments contribute to their prevalence in the fossil record. In recent years, the study of Quaternary paleontology in Iran has gained significant momentum, with numerous research projects focusing on the animal remains of ancient caves throughout the country. This review aims to summarize and introduce the most significant discoveries in this vital field by examining the regions with substantial Quaternary mammalian vertebrates in Iran. Notable areas include Lorestan, Moghan Plain, Ravansar inKermanshah, Natanz, Isfahan, Qaleh Joq, Torbat Heydarieh, Zaviya Saveh, Shahreza, Isfahan, Qazvin, and Haft Tepeh of Khuzestan. The primary fossils of these regions' large animals, such as elephants, geckos, and horses, have been discussed.
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