Abstract

A fluid lipid bilayer in water fluctuates freely. Even in the absence of specific chemical interactions, a complex interplay of a variety of nonspecific forces—attractive and repulsive, short- and long-ranged—determine the equilibrium separation between these well-hydrated bilayers (1). It also plays critical roles in many biological processes, such as cell adhesion and membrane fusion, in which these surfaces are pushed closer together. Contributing to the interplay are coupled influences of the classical DLVO (named after Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek, who described forces between small, smooth, and charged surfaces in water) and non-DLVO forces.

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