Abstract
This essay examines radical models of female friendship in the works of French author Christine de Pizan and English mystic Margery Kempe. It argues that the proto-feminist friendships that these authors represent engage with classical theories of male friendship derived from Cicero and Aristotle and continued into the Christian era, but they ultimately reveal the deficiencies of such theories and instead propose more multicultural and socially equitable models of female friendship. Studying these representations of early female friendships will, I contend, not only reveal a feminist contribution to the history friendship but will also nuance contemporary considerations of friendship’s role within political community.
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