Abstract
Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, and dietary measures have been found to be effective in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). About 463 million people have diabetes worldwide; estimates project 700 million people by 2045. While T1DM is caused by the loss of beta cells of pancreatic islets that produce insulin, resulting in the deficiency of insulin, T2DM, which constitutes over 90 to 95% of all DM cases, is caused by insulin resistance, and could relatively combine reduction in the secretion of insulin. Aloe vera, Terminalia chebula, Perilla frutescens, Curcuma longa, Zingiber zerumbet, Nigella sativa, Gongronema latifolium, Pachira aquatic, Caesalpinioideae, Azadirachta indica, Artemisia dracunculus, Artemisia herbaalba, Vachellia nilotica, Abelmoschus moschatus, Cinnamomum verum, Salvia officinalis, Tinospora cordifoli, Pterocarpus, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini, Coccinia grandis, Caesalpinia bonduc, Gymnema sylvestre, Carthamus tinctorius, Allium sativum, and Trigonella foenum-graecum are among the medicinal plants shown to be effective in controlling and treating T1DM and T2DM. Bioactive compounds such as lycopene, vitamin E, vitamin D, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, hesperidin, naringin, anthocyanin, etc. are useful in treating T1DM and T2DM.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM), called diabetes, are metabolic disorders characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia over an extended time period
Over 90 to 95% of DM cases are type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [2, 4], while the remain 5 to 10% are other types of DM, including Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the gestational diabetes, and other minor specific types rarely encountered
Terminalia chebula, Perilla frutescens, Symplocos, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Zingiber zerumbet, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Tinospora cordifolia, Nigella sativa, Gongronema latifolium, Pachira aquatic, Caesalpinioideae, Azadirachta indica, Artemisia dracunculus, Artemisia herbaalba, Andrographis paniculata L, Asphodelaceae, Mentha, Fabaceae, Achyranthes, Vachellia nilotica, Abelmoschus moschatus, Cinnamomum verum, Panax, Salvia officinalis, Tinospora cordifoli, Pterocarpus, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Momordica charantia, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini, Coccinia grandis, Caesalpinia bonduc, Liriope, Sarcopoterium, Swertia, Combretum, Gymnema sylvestre, Bauhinia, Ferula assafoetida, Carthamus tinctorius, Allium sativum, and Trigonella foenum-graecum are among the medicinal plants shown to be effective in controlling and treating T1DM and T2DM [31]
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM), called diabetes, are metabolic disorders characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (high levels of sugar in the blood) over an extended time period. The increasing awareness of the safety and efficacies of medicinal plants, dietary therapy, and bioactive compounds in treatment of various metabolic diseases is gradually reshaping treatment measures for many metabolic diseases [6–8], including DM. Medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents play important role in regulating metabolisms in humans, usually resulting in improved health and general wellbeing. Bioactive compounds, and dietary nutrients discussed in this chapter are mainly focused on T1DM and T2DM, they could be effective against the less common types of DM such as the gestational diabetes and other minor specific types rarely encountered
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