Medical use of cannabis and psychedelics in treating symptoms of mental disorders among military and veteran populations: A systematic review

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Military personnel and veterans experience distinct trauma exposures, resulting in totally different mental disorder prevalence, comorbidities, and treatment responses compared to the general population. The medical use of psychoactive substances as novel strategies for specific mental health conditions within military contexts is being investigated, while their therapeutic efficacy and safety remain uncertain. This systematic review aims to summarize the available evidence for the medical use of these substances, mainly cannabis and psychedelics, in treating symptoms of mental disorders in military populations. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science databases from inception until May 16th, 2023, following PRISMA guidelines. References of relevant papers and high-quality reviews were also hand-searched. The included studies were randomized controlled trials, self-controlled trials, and case reports that explored the use of cannabis or psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders in military and veteran populations. Two independent reviewers screened all studies and performed data extraction. Eight studies were included, with five focused on cannabis and three on psychedelics. Most of the studies reported positive results, but detailed information on side effects and long-term follow-up was limited. In conclusion, the potential benefits yet the lack of high-quality RCTs underscore the need for more rigorous research in this field.