Abstract
The two Grand Embassies to Europe and his view on the world helped Peter the Great to start reforms.Already as a child, he had abroad interest in medicine. Peter often followed a two-track policy. One for immediate application in the current practice and one for the development of specialists in collaboration with science. Peter established a medico-surgical hospital school in Moscow to prepare the students to become doctor medicinae and learn to make their own medical instruments along the line of the Leiden medical school. In Saint Pe tersburg, he opened a navy and an army hospital, intended to train students as a barber-surgeon for the army and navy. Also in Saint Petersburg Peter built the first factory for "mass" production to provide the military with medical instruments.His successors followed his two-track policy. Catherine the Great started to merge the two tracks. During the reign of Tsar Aleksander I and his brother Nicholas I, the merger came together and was further developed. They understood that strong cooperation between a physician and a designer is essential to create and produce useful medical instruments. If correctly designed, medical instruments and devices increase safety for the patient. We will shed light on the development and manufacture of medical instruments and appliances in Imperial Russia, an underdeveloped subject in the world medical history.
Highlights
Research on the history of medical instrument making has been limited
His work has not been followed much by others for regions beyond the United Kingdom. He called for more research on this part of medical history [18, 19]. We took his invitation by studying the development of medical instruments in Imperial Russia
We detected that the training for instrument-making in Russia was influenced by the Dutch practices, at Leiden University
Summary
Research on the history of medical instrument making has been limited. John Kirkup extensively studied instrument makers and instruments that contributed so much to patients' health and safety. His work has not been followed much by others for regions beyond the United Kingdom He called for more research on this part of medical history [18, 19]. We took his invitation by studying the development of medical instruments in Imperial Russia. Many instruments were undoubtedly made by armourers, blacksmiths and by barber-surgeons and surgeons These labourers developed continuously medical instruments exclusively for surgery, and new instruments emerged. The family heads, the fathers in the settlements exercised "home medicine" in a practical, rough and arbitrary way, passing it on from father to son They knew how to treat sores and burns proficiently with ointments. An overlap between instruments used for domestic, cosmetic, and funerary purposes and those for surgery existed
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