Medical and Surgical Approaches to Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Abstract

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by recurrent upper airway obstructions during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep patterns and potential health risks. This comprehensive review explores various medical and surgical modalities for the treatment of OSA. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure therapy is the standard treatment for moderate to severe cases, but long-term compliance remains a challenge. Oral appliances and novel technologies, such as Oral Pressure Therapy and Upper Airway Stimulation offer non-invasive alternatives. Surgical interventions, like Maxillomandibular Advancement, Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, Laser-Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty, Radiofrequency Ablation, Genioglossus Muscle Advancement and Tracheostomy, provide tailored solutions for persistent OSA. Maxillomandibular Advancement in particular, has shown significant efficacy in reducing the Apnea-Hypopnea Index. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, while widely used, has variable success rates, often necessitating additional therapies. Laser-Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty and Radiofrequency Ablation are minimally invasive options but require careful patient selection. This review highlights the importance of individualized treatment plans, considering OSA severity, patient compliance, and comorbidities. Advances in non-invasive and minimally invasive treatments have expanded options, enhanced patient quality of life and reducing health risks. Tracheostomy, though less common today, remains valuable in specific cases. A multidimensional approach to OSA management is crucial, tailoring treatments to individual patient needs and optimizing overall well-being. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by recurrent upper airway obstructions during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep patterns and potential health risks. This comprehensive review explores various medical and surgical modalities for the treatment of OSA. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure therapy is the standard treatment for moderate to severe cases, but long-term compliance remains a challenge. Oral appliances and novel technologies, such as Oral Pressure Therapy and Upper Airway Stimulation offer non-invasive alternatives. Surgical interventions, like Maxillomandibular Advancement, Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, Laser-Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty, Radiofrequency Ablation, Genioglossus Muscle Advancement and Tracheostomy, provide tailored solutions for persistent OSA. Maxillomandibular Advancement in particular, has shown significant efficacy in reducing the Apnea-Hypopnea Index. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, while widely used, has variable success rates, often necessitating additional therapies. Laser-Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty and Radiofrequency Ablation are minimally invasive options but require careful patient selection. This review highlights the importance of individualized treatment plans, considering OSA severity, patient compliance, and comorbidities. Advances in non-invasive and minimally invasive treatments have expanded options, enhanced patient quality of life and reducing health risks. Tracheostomy, though less common today, remains valuable in specific cases. A multidimensional approach to OSA management is crucial, tailoring treatments to individual patient needs and optimizing overall well-being.