Abstract
BackgroundSocioeconomic disparities in infant mortality have persisted for decades in high-income countries and may have become stronger in some populations. Therefore, new understandings of the mechanisms that underlie socioeconomic differences in infant deaths are essential for creating and implementing health initiatives to reduce these deaths. We aimed to explore whether and the extent to which preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) at birth mediate the association between maternal education and infant mortality.Methods and findingsWe developed a population-based cohort study to include all 1,994,618 live singletons born in Denmark in 1981–2015. Infants were followed from birth until death, emigration, or the day before the first birthday, whichever came first. Maternal education at childbirth was categorized as low, medium, or high. An inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models was used to estimate the controlled direct effect (CDE) of maternal education on offspring infant mortality, further split into neonatal (0–27 days) and postneonatal (28–364 days) deaths, and portion eliminated (PE) by eliminating mediation by PTB and SGA. The proportion eliminated by eliminating mediation by PTB and SGA was reported if the mortality rate ratios (MRRs) of CDE and PE were in the same direction. The MRRs between maternal education and infant mortality were 1.63 (95% CI 1.48–1.80, P < 0.001) and 1.19 (95% CI 1.08–1.31, P < 0.001) for low and medium versus high education, respectively. The estimated proportions of these total associations eliminated by reducing PTB and SGA together were 55% (MRRPE = 1.27, 95% CI 1.15–1.40, P < 0.001) for low and 60% (MRRPE = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.22, P = 0.037) for medium versus high education. The proportions eliminated by eliminating PTB and SGA separately were, respectively, 46% and 11% for low education (versus high education) and 48% and 13% for medium education (versus high education). PTB and SGA together contributed more to the association of maternal educational disparities with neonatal mortality (proportion eliminated: 75%–81%) than with postneonatal mortality (proportion eliminated: 21%–23%). Limitations of the study include the untestable assumption of no unmeasured confounders for the causal mediation analysis, and the limited generalizability of the findings to other countries with varying disparities in access and quality of perinatal healthcare.ConclusionsPTB and SGA may play substantial roles in the relationship between low maternal education and infant mortality, especially for neonatal mortality. The mediating role of PTB appeared to be much stronger than that of SGA. Public health strategies aimed at reducing neonatal mortality in high-income countries may need to address socially related prenatal risk factors of PTB and impaired fetal growth. The substantial association of maternal education with postneonatal mortality not accounted for by PTB or SGA could reflect unaddressed educational disparities in infant care or other factors.
Highlights
Infant mortality in high-income countries has decreased over the last decades [1]
We aimed to explore whether and the extent to which preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) at birth mediate the association between maternal education and infant mortality
Public health strategies aimed at reducing neonatal mortality in high-income countries may need to address socially related prenatal risk factors of Preterm birth (PTB) and impaired fetal growth
Summary
Infant mortality in high-income countries has decreased over the last decades [1]. socioeconomic disparities in infant mortality persist [2,3,4,5] and may even have become stronger in some populations [6,7]. It is possible that the association between socioeconomic disadvantage and infant mortality is mediated through PTB and SGA as a proxy of fetal growth restriction [12,15]. There is a lack of research addressing the possible mediating role of PTB and SGA in the pathway linking maternal socioeconomic disadvantage to an increased risk of infant mortality. Socioeconomic disparities in infant mortality have persisted for decades in high-income countries and may have become stronger in some populations. We aimed to explore whether and the extent to which preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) at birth mediate the association between maternal education and infant mortality
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