Abstract
How instantaneous blood flow is controlled in heart is a vexing problem. Here new observations provide compelling evidence for electro-metabolic signaling (EMS). EMS originates in ventricular myocytes (VM's) and is conducted to neighboring capillary endothelial cells (cEC's), to contractile vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells and to pericytes through gap junctions. Massive ATP production by mitochondria within VM's is able to keep cytosolic [ATP]i at mM levels. Such [ATP]i levels power contractions of VM's which consume ATP at a high rate as they perform pressure and volume work.
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