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Abstract
In this study, the effect of the deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on triethylmethylammonium chloride and imidazole on the mechanochemical succinylation of sawdust was investigated. The sawdust was ball milled in the presence of succinic anhydride and the effects of different amounts of the DES on the carboxylic acid content and particle size were studied with and without post-heating. The carboxylic acid content significantly increased with the addition of the DES and by using 1.5 mass excess of the DES compared to sawdust; milled sawdust with 3.5 mmol/g of carboxylic acid groups was obtained using 60 min post-heating at 100 °C. The particle size was found to depend strongly on DES-to-wood ratio and a change in size-reduction characteristics was observed related to fiber saturation point. After mechanochemical milling, three succinylated sawdust samples with different carboxylic acid contents were disintegrated into wood nanofibers and self-standing films were produced. Although the mechanical properties of the films were lower than the cellulose nanofibers, they were higher or in line with oil- and biobased polymers such as polypropene and polylactic acid, respectively. Because of their amphiphilic nature, wood nanofibers were found to be effective stabilizers of water–oil emulsions.
Highlights
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a novel class of chemicals used as solvents, reagents, and catalysts (Smith et al 2014)
We used planetary ball milling to intensify the succinylation of sawdust; our aim was not to produce wood nanofibers (WNFs) directly using ball milling, but to improve the succinylation efficiency of sawdust
The surface of sawdust can be chemically modified using reactive DESs, the disintegration before chemical modification is required to facilitate the production of WNFs (Sirvioand Visanko 2019)
Summary
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a novel class of chemicals used as solvents, reagents, and catalysts (Smith et al 2014). DESs consist of two or more chemical components that have higher melting point individually than as a mixture. External solvents can be used to prepare DESs, they can be obtained readily in solventfree conditions by heating at a temperature that is lesser than the melting point of the individual components (Zhang et al 2012). This unique trait allows DESs to be prepared in an atom-economical fashion, as no side products are formed and there is no need for purification steps. A large number of DESs can be obtained from bulk, biobased chemicals (Dai et al 2013)
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