Abstract
AbstractThe extrusion flow instabilities of two commercial styrene‐butadiene rubbers are investigated as they vary in isomer content (1,4‐cis, 1,4‐trans, and 1,2 conformation) of the butadiene monomer and the molecular architecture (linear, branched). The investigated samples have similar multimodal molecular weight distribution. Two geometries of extrusion dies, slit and round capillary, are compared in terms of the type and the spatial characteristics of the flow instabilities. The latter are quantified using three methods: a highly pressure sensitive slit die, online and offline optical analysis. The highly pressure‐sensitive slit die has three piezoelectric pressure transducers (Δt ≈ 10−3 s and Δp ≈ 10−5 bar) placed along the die length. The characteristic frequency (fChar.) of the flow instabilities follows a power law behavior as a function of shear rate to a 0.5 power for both materials, . A qualitative model is used to predict the spatial characteristic wavelength (λ) of the flow instabilities from round capillary to slit dies and vice versa. Slip velocities (Vs) are used to quantify the slippage at slit and round capillary dies as well.
Highlights
Policy in Europe strives for energy security [1] and gradual decar bonisation in highly polluting sectors like transport through innovation [2] and improved value chains [3,4]
This paper aims to i) inform on challenges that restrict the flexible, reliable and cost-efficient market uptake of advanced biofuels for transport, and ii) highlight policy interventions that are relevant to current policy, Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and have strong potential to overcome the challenges
Selected SDGs aligned with this intervention include: o SDG7- Affordable & Clean Energy: Financial support for cost reduction of Advanced biofuels will increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the energy mix of transport for road, aviation and marine. o SDG9- Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Co-location with existing biorefineries will upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and envi ronmentally sound technologies. o SDG13: Climate Action: Financial support in favor of Advanced biofuels will foster the integration of climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning
Summary
Policy in Europe strives for energy security [1] and gradual decar bonisation in highly polluting sectors like transport through innovation [2] and improved value chains [3,4]. Advanced biofuels are essential for the transition to zero carbon [7,8,9,10,11] as planned by the European Green Deal [12] and the UN Sus tainable Development Goals [13,14] Their use can decrease emissions [15] and dependency on imported fossil fuels [16,17] while biomass supply can create employment in rural areas [18]. This paper aims to i) inform on challenges that restrict the flexible, reliable and cost-efficient market uptake of advanced biofuels for transport, and ii) highlight policy interventions that are relevant to current policy, Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and have strong potential to overcome the challenges. Rail is not included; it a very small user of fuel, as elec trification is already quite significant in EU
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