Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been applied in many fields, such as food industry, biomedicine, and so on. However, the study on the health and safety implications of ENMs is still insufficient. Previous studies have shown that nanoparticles under acute or chronic exposure could be transported and accumulated in various organs and tissues, resulting in adverse effects or systemic toxicity. Among these, the kidney is one of the main organs that exposed ENMs will target through different routes. One of the important functions of the kidney is to discharge metabolic wastes and exogenous substances from the blood circulation of the whole body. During ENM exposure, the kidney may become vulnerable to toxicity. Studies have suggested that nanoparticles exposed to the kidney could provoke glomerular swelling, basilar membrane thickening, degeneration, and necrosis of renal tubular cells. These adverse effects of nanoparticles on the kidney may be related to their induced oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, DNA damage, and ER stress. This review aims to examine current studies on ENM-induced nephrotoxicity, with the focus on elucidating the potential molecular mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced toxicity on the kidney, which will further facilitate the safer design of ENMs and their applications.
Highlights
In recent decades, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with novel physicochemical properties have been widely applied in various fields such as electronics, cosmetics, food additives, and biosensors [1, 2], and global ENM production is estimated to be more than 300,000 tons per year [3,4,5]
Chronic hypoxic is inevitable in chronic kidney diseases; in hypoxic conditions, the same dose of 5 nm gold nanoparticles (GNPs) (50 nM) exposure resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased apoptosis and autophagic cell death in the HK2 cell line
The present review provided an overview on ENM-induced nephrotoxicity and its potential mechanisms
Summary
In recent decades, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with novel physicochemical properties have been widely applied in various fields such as electronics, cosmetics, food additives, and biosensors [1, 2], and global ENM production is estimated to be more than 300,000 tons per year [3,4,5]. Journal of Nanomaterials to inflammation, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. All of these interfere with the normal mechanism of cell metabolism and metabolism of tissues and organs. The renal tubular epithelial cells can cause abnormal metabolism, biochemical disorders, structural and functional damage, producing oxygen free radicals, necrosis, or apoptosis. The purpose of this review is to outline the nephrotoxicity of ENMs with different physicochemical properties and the related mechanisms
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