Mechanistic Studies of Choline Oxidase with Betaine Aldehyde and Its Isosteric Analogue 3,3-Dimethylbutyraldehyde

Abstract

Choline oxidase catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via two sequential FAD-dependent reactions in which betaine aldehyde is formed as an intermediate. The chemical mechanism for the oxidation of choline catalyzed by choline oxidase was recently elucidated by using kinetic isotope effects [Fan, F., and Gadda, G. (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 2067-2074]. In this study, the oxidation of betaine aldehyde has been investigated by using spectroscopic and kinetic analyses with betaine aldehyde and its isosteric analogue 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde. The pH dependence of the kcat/Km and kcat values with betaine aldehyde showed that a catalytic base with a pKa of approximately 6.7 is required for betaine aldehyde oxidation. Complete reduction of the enzyme-bound flavin was observed in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer upon anaerobic mixing with betaine aldehyde or choline at pH 8, with similar k(red) values > or = 48 s(-1). In contrast, only 10-26% of the enzyme-bound flavin was reduced by 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde between pH 6 and 10. Furthermore, this compound acted as a competitive inhibitor versus choline. NMR spectroscopic analyses indicated that betaine aldehyde exists predominantly (99%) as a diol form in aqueous solution. In contrast, the thermodynamic equilibrium for 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde favors the aldehyde (> or = 65%) over the hydrated form in the pH range from 6 to 10. The keto species of 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde is reactive toward enzymic nucleophiles, as suggested by the kinetic data with NAD+-dependent yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase. The data presented suggest that choline oxidase utilizes the hydrated species of the aldehyde as substrate in a mechanism for aldehyde oxidation in which hydride transfer is triggered by an active site base.