Mechanistic Insight on the Hydrogenation of Conjugated Alkenes with H2Catalyzed by Early Main-Group Metal Catalysts

Abstract

Density functional theory calculations have been performed to investigate the molecular mechanism of the hydrogenation reactions of 1,1-diphenylethylene and myrcene catalyzed by the actual calcium hydride catalyst, CaH(dipp-nacnac)(thf) (dipp-nacnac = CH{(CMe)(2,6-iPr(2)-C(6)H(3)N)}(2)). The hydrogenation reactions of these two alkenes proceed via a similar pathway, which includes three steps. First, the hydride migrates from the calcium center to one olefinic carbon in the substrate. Then, the hydride transfer product can easily transform into a key ion-pair intermediate. This intermediate provides an intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair, in which the calcium center acts as a Lewis acid, and one olefinic carbon acts as a Lewis base. Next, the H-H bond is heterolytically cleaved by this frustrated Lewis pair through a concerted Lewis acid-Lewis base mechanism, producing the hydrogenation product and regenerating the catalyst. For these two reactions, the rate-limiting step is the hydride transfer step, with free energy barriers of 29.2 kcal for both substrates. In addition, our calculations indicate that the hydrogenation reaction of 1,1-diphenylethylene catalyzed by the analogous strontium hydride complex may readily occur, but the similar magnesium-mediated hydrogenation reaction is less likely to take place under similar conditions as adopted by the calcium hydride catalyst. The results can give satisfactory descriptions of experimental facts observed for these two hydrogenation reactions. The hydrogenation mechanism proposed here is different from that of the late transition metal-catalyzed alkene hydrogenation or the organolanthanide-catalyzed alkene hydrogenation.