Mechanisms underlying altitudinal and horizontal range contraction: The western black crested gibbon

Abstract

AbstractAimSpecies ranges in mountain areas may shift both horizontally and altitudinally, resulting from climate change and anthropogenic impact. Two hypotheses (the abundant centre hypothesis and the contagion hypothesis) have been proposed to account for patterns of horizontal range contraction. However, undulating topograph causes a mosaic of unsuitable habitats, which may complicate the spatial pattern of range contraction. We develop a framework incorporating horizontal and altitudinal range contraction patterns of a species living in mountain areas, to better understand the underlying mechanisms of species range contraction.LocationChina, Northern Laos and Northern VietnamTaxonWestern black crested gibbon, Nomascus concolorMethodsWe collected occurrence data of the gibbons from various sources and modelled their potential distribution range in the 1950s, 1980s and 2010s, using ecological niche modelling. We compared distances from the centre point of the potential range in the 1950s to centre points of the largest 100 patches in the 1950s and the 2010s to understand the patterns of horizontal range contraction. We also calculated potential distributions within different altitudinal ranges for six populations in each period to understand the patterns of altitudinal range contraction.ResultsPotential horizontal distribution of the gibbons decreased by 69% from the 1950s to the 2010s. The centre point of the 100 largest patches in the 2010s was further apart than in the 1950s, supporting the contagion hypothesis. No populations extended their range to higher altitude, suggesting climate change did not have a profound effect on altitudinal shifts in gibbon range. All populations lost a substantial proportion of their ranges at lower altitudes (500–1,500 m) but to different degrees, suggesting that populations experienced different anthropogenic pressures.Main conclusionsAnthropogenic threats including human population increase, agricultural expansion and hunting, were more likely than climate change to have caused range contraction in western black‐crested gibbons. This study highlights the importance of studying horizontal and altitudinal range contraction simultaneously.