Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage

Abstract

I. Neuropathology of Primary and Secondary Brain Damage.- a) Head Injury.- Primary Brain Damage in Non-Missile Head Injury.- Diffuse Axonal Injury - A New Conceptual Approach to an Old Problem.- Histopathology and Computerized Tomography of Human Traumatic Cerebral Swelling.- The Temporal Genesis of Primary and Secondary Brain Damage in Experimental and Clinical Head Injury.- b) Cerebral Ischemia.- Evolution of Neuronal Ischemic Injury.- Secondary Changes in Human and Experimental Brain Infarction with Particular Consideration of Microembolism.- Ischemic Brain Damage in the Rat in a Long Term Recovery Model.- Microthrombosis: A Contributing Factor to the Progression of Cerebral Infarction in Man.- The CT Normal but Low Flow Infarct Periphery: Selective Neuronal Necrosis?.- II. Pathophysiological and Biochemical Mechanisms.- a) Cerebral Edema.- Disturbances of Extracellular Homeostasis after a Primary Insult as a Mechanism in Secondary Brain Damage.- Role of Mediator Compounds in Secondary Brain Damage - Current Evidence.- Neurochemical Sequelae of Brain Damage and their Role in Functional Disturbances.- Changes in Brain Edema Movement Following Experimental Brain Insults and Acute Therapy.- Disturbances of Cellular Membranes and Membrane-Bound Enzymes in Cryogenic Brain Edema.- Modifications of cAMP and Creatine Kinase-Isoenzymes in CSF in Experimental Head Injury.- b) Cerebral Ischemia.- Cell Swelling Mechanisms in Brain.- Progression and Irreversibility in Brain Ischemia.- The Role of Recirculation for Functional and Metabolic Recovery after Cerebral Ischemia.- Post-Ischemic Pathophysiology in the Gerbil Brain - Changes of Extracellular K+ and Ca++.- Role of Synaptic Transmission Failure in the Neurologic Deficit of Ischemic Brain Injury.- Increased Vulnerability of the Traumatized Brain to Early Ischemia.- Recent Advances in the Study of Cerebrovascular Receptors.- Role of Cerebral Microcirculation in Secondary Brain Damage.- Influence of Experimental Hydrocephalus on Cerebral Vascularization.- III. Clinical Aspects and Treatment.- a) Head Injury.- Avoidable Mortality, Morbidity and Secondary Brain Damage after Recent Head Injury.- Relevance of Primary and Secondary Brain Damage for for Outcome of Head Injury.- Can Secondary Brain Damage be Prevented by Pharmacological or other Means?.- Contusional Hemorrhage - Prognostic Significance of Primary and Secondary Brain Damage.- b) Cerebral Ischemia.- Systematic Search for Brain Resuscitation Potentials after Total Circulatory Arrest.- Non-Steroidal and Non-Barbiturate Treatment of Secondary Brain Damage.- Feasibility of Preventive Brain Protection in Patients at Excessive Risk of Stroke.- Contributors.