Mechanisms of Prostate Permeability Triggered by Microbubble-Mediated Acoustic Cavitation

Abstract

The objective of this research was to study the mechanisms of opening of the blood-prostate barrier and increased permeability of prostate tissue induced by microbubble cavitation. Thirty-five rabbits were randomly divided into four study groups: (1) control group and groups exposed to (2) microbubble alone, (3) ultrasound alone, or (4) combined intervention (ultrasound + microbubble group). Evans blue (EB) tracer was used to gauge the changes of permeability of prostate tissue. Furthermore, light and electron microscopy analyses were conducted, as well as the western blot analysis of expression of gap junction (Cx43) protein. We observed that EB concentration in prostate tissue was significantly greater in the ultrasound + microbubble group compared with either intervention alone (p < 0.05, both comparisons). Furthermore, light microscopy of tissue samples from animals exposed to ultrasound + microbubble showed epithelial cell disarrangement, loss of interstitial structure, and thickness of fibrous stroma. In line with these findings, electron microscopy analysis demonstrated widening of cell gaps and broken cell connections, as well as more dense lysosomes and secretary granules, and mitochondrial swelling. These changes were absent in the animals exposed to microbubble or ultrasound alone. Finally, only combined treatment with microbubble or ultrasound significantly elevated expression of Cx43 (p < 0.05 vs. control group). In conclusion, increases of permeability of prostate tissue by acoustic cavitation appear to involve opening of tight junctions, widening of intracellular spaces, changes in the structure of acinar cell membrane, enhancement of vesicular transport, and loosening of fibrous stroma. Increased expression of cell gap junction protein will help to restore normal connections between cells and the blood-prostate barrier after the treatment.