Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory and Membranotropic Activity of Trehalolipid Biosurfactants (a Review)

Abstract

Of the glycolipid biosurfactants with possible medical applications, trehalolipids produced by the actinobacteria in the Rhodococcus genus are intensively studied due to their lower toxicity as compared to mycobacterial trehalose di- and monomycolates. The immunomodulatory activity of trehalolipids is based on their interaction with surface receptors on the membrane of immune cells, which trigger the signal system. This leads to the activation of cytokine, reactive oxygen species, and antibody production. Being amphiphilic, trehalose lipids can interact with the lipid bilayer and change its permeability. The discussed molecular mechanisms of the interaction between trehalolipids and immune system cells are important for the development of new immunotherapy approaches.