Abstract
Copper is an important micronutrient required as a redox co-factor in the catalytic centers of enzymes. However, free copper is a potential hazard because of its high chemical reactivity. Consequently, organisms exert a tight control on Cu+ transport (entry-exit) and traffic through different compartments, ensuring the homeostasis required for cuproprotein synthesis and prevention of toxic effects. Recent studies based on biochemical, bioinformatics, and metalloproteomics approaches, reveal a highly regulated system of transcriptional regulators, soluble chaperones, membrane transporters, and target cuproproteins distributed in the various bacterial compartments. As a result, new questions have emerged regarding the diversity and apparent redundancies of these components, their irregular presence in different organisms, functional interactions, and resulting system architectures.
Highlights
Copper (Cu) is a micronutrient required as a co-factor in multiple proteins
Cu homeostatic mechanisms were initially uncovered by phenotypic analysis of bacterial strains carrying mutations in genes participating in Cu tolerance (Odermatt et al, 1993; Outten et al, 2000; Rensing et al, 2000)
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacerium smegmatis, the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Sod) is located in the cytosol whereas the Fe/Mn-SodA is secreted via the SecA2 pathway and is metallated outside the cell (Braunstein et al, 2003; Padilla-Benavides et al, 2013a)
Summary
Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Canada. CONICET, Argentina James Imlay, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Gregor Grass, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Germany. Copper is an important micronutrient required as a redox co-factor in the catalytic centers of enzymes. Organisms exert a tight control on Cu+ transport (entry-exit) and traffic through different compartments, ensuring the homeostasis required for cuproprotein synthesis and prevention of toxic effects. Recent studies based on biochemical, bioinformatics, and metalloproteomics approaches, reveal a highly regulated system of transcriptional regulators, soluble chaperones, membrane transporters, and target cuproproteins distributed in the various bacterial compartments. New questions have emerged regarding the diversity and apparent redundancies of these components, their irregular presence in different organisms, functional interactions, and resulting system architectures
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