Abstract
The current study aimed to establish the mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Punica granatum leaves (MEPGL) in nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Phytochemical screening, HPLC analysis, and acute toxicity study of MEPGL were carried out. Various concentrations of MEPGL (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) were administered orally to diabetic rats for 45 days on a daily basis. The antidiabetic effect of MEPGL was examined by measuring blood glucose, plasma insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, as well as with an oral glucose tolerance test. The antioxidant effect of MEPGL was determined by analyzing hepatic and renal antioxidant markers, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation. The other biochemical markers alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and creatinine, as well as total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were also studied. Type 2 diabetes significantly altered these parameters, while oral administration of the MEPGL significantly ameliorated them. Moreover, the pancreatic histopathological changes were attenuated with MEPGL treatment. In a nutshell, oral MEPGL administration in diabetic rats showed antidiabetic activity due to its antioxidant activity, most probably due to the gallic acid, ellagic acid, and apigenin found in MEPGL.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic alterations that affect carbohydrate metabolism but protein and fat metabolisms as well
The phytochemical screening detected the presence of tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and phytosterols in the methanolic extract of Punica granatum leaves (MEPGL) (Table 1)
The findings the current study demonstrate a considerable enhancement of insulin concentration with a significant of the current study demonstrate a considerable enhancement of insulin concentration with a significant decline in fasting glucose levels in MEPGL-treated diabetic rats
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic alterations that affect carbohydrate metabolism but protein and fat metabolisms as well. A recent report about the prevalence of DM across the globe estimates that ~463 million people are currently affected by DM. DM is considered to be the most important predisposing factor for the development of various clinical conditions such as ischemic heart diseases, peripheral neuropathies, ulcerations, and delayed wound healings, affecting the life expectancy of the patients [3]. Various experimental and clinical studies suggest the involvement of free radicals in the progression of DM and its complications [4,5,6]. The damage of β-cells of the pancreas may be caused due to the formation of free radicals and/or alternation of their endogenous scavengers [7]
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