Mechanisms and models of neurotoxicity of n-hexane and related solvents

Abstract

Organic solvents are widely used both in industry and in households. Misuse of organic solvents is common, and intoxications and sniffing episodes are not rare (Ikeda, 1992). Solvents belong to various chemical categories, including aliphatic, halogenated aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones and other minor chemical groups. Adverse effects may be found at various sites in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Prolonged exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons can cause permanent damage to the CNS (Hein et al., 1990), while long-term exposure to n-hexane is associated with development of peripheral neuropathy (Bachmann et al., 1993). It has been proposed that repeated acute exposures to low levels of organic solvents can cause permanent damage in the CNS. It is therefore important to clarify the mechanisms of solvent neurotoxicities, and to find appropriate sensitive methods for detecting even subtle signs of deleterious effects.