Mechanism of UV-driven Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Berberine Chloride Form Using the ESR Spin-trapping Method.

Abstract

Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) system greatly improves the migration of photoexcited charges, retards the fast recombination of electron-hole and increases the lifetime of photogenerated holes. In this article, we constructed a novel PEC system to degrade berberine chloride form (BCF). XRD patterns indicated aging time was an important condition for the crystal type of TiO2, and the best proportion of anatase/rutile was 80/20. The band gap energy of the TiO2 was 3.01 eV. We demonstrated that a synergistic effect existed between photocatalysis (PC) and electrocatalysis (EC). Besides, we discussed the influence of pH, current density, the amount of catalyst and initial BCF concentration on the degradation of BCF. Electron spin resonance (ESR) through spin trap 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and the scavenging experiments suggested that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) were superoxide radicals (O2·-), hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radical (SO4·-) in PEC system. Furthermore, we compared the two pathway of formation DMPO-SO4 adducts and found that SO4·- was the most major oxidized species in degrading BCF. We proposed a plausible reaction mechanism. Intriguingly, even under lower current and weaker light conditions, the PEC process maintained its effectiveness, demonstrating the feasibility of the PEC approach.