Mechanism of hydraulic fracture vertical propagation in deep shale formation based on elastic–plastic model

Abstract

Deep shale reservoirs exhibit strong plasticity, and the simulation results from previous fracturing simulations based on elastic models may not adequately account for the effects of plastic. Therefore, the research objective is to develop a 3D finite element method (FEM) model of hydraulic fracture vertical propagation in multilayer reservoirs. The model simultaneously considering Drucker-Prager elastic–plastic rock model and bedding plane. To investigate the impact of various parameters on the vertical propagation pattern of fracture, it is crucial to consider factors such as friction angle, yield strength, interlayer strength, and vertical stress. This study quantitatively characterizes the mechanical parameters such as ground stress, matrix strength, and interface strength on hydraulic fracture morphology. Additionally, a new integrated control diagram is established to provide a comprehensive understanding of these effects. The results indicate that rocks with high friction angles and low yield strength are more resistant to cracking, and hydraulic fractures tend to have narrower fractures. Fracturing from high-strength and high-stress zones to lower zones promotes vertical fracture propagation. The high vertical stress plays a crucial role in preventing the fracturing fluid from entering the interface. Moreover, the strength of the formation interface greatly influences the vertical extension of hydraulic fractures. The bedding plane interface with a high cementation level can enhance the possibility of fracture vertical connection with multiple reservoirs. Conversely, breaking through low strength cemented interfaces in the formation can pose challenges for hydraulic fractures. The present simulation conditions determine that the fracture's ability to cross the layer depends on the ratio of interface strength to matrix strength, which should be between 0.25 and 0.5. These findings offer valuable theoretical guidance on the vertical propagation of fractures in deep multilayer fracturing.