Abstract
Heavy metals are the most important pollutants that are non-biodegradable and increasingly accumulate in the environment. Phytoremediation can be defined as the use of plants for the extraction, immobilization, containment, or degradation of contaminants. It provides an ecologically, environmentally sound and safe method for restoration and remediation of contaminated land. Plant species vary in their capacity of hyper-accumulation of heavy metals. The chapter reviews the current findings on the molecular mechanism involved in heavy metals tolerance, which is a valuable tool for phytoremediation. The heavy metal tolerance genes help in the hyper-accumulation trait of a plant. Heavy metal transporter ATPases (HMAs) genes help in the refluxing of heavy metal ions from the cytosol, either into the apoplast, the vacuole, or other organelles, which help in the hyperaccumulation of metal. Understanding the signaling mechanism of transporter genes will be an important tool to understand the genetics of hyperaccumulation.
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