Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND: Bone generation and maintenance involve osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. However, an incomplete understanding of bone forming cells during wound healing has led to an unfilled clinical need such as nonunion of bone fractures. Recently, our published paper showed that LL-37, the active peptide of human cathelicidin, has an ability to induce monocyte differentiation to a new type of bone forming cells (monoosteophils). We now have investigated the mechanism of monoosteophil formation. RESULTS: Treatment of monocytes from blood with LL-37 for 6 days resulted in their differentiation to monoosteophils. Monoosteophil on osteologic discs built bone-like nodules which consist of calcium and phosphorus. Monoosteophils are identified by up-regulation of integrin a3 and a3b1 and down-regulation of CD14, CD16, CD32, and CD163 on the membrane. Microarry analyses indicated the differential expression of 206 genes in the formation of monoosteophils. Among these genes we found elevated level of CCL22. CONCLUSION: the present study demonstrated that integrin a3 and a3b1, CD14, CD16, CD32, and CD163 can be used as differentiation markers of monoosteophils and that the chemokine CCL22 may be involved in their formation.
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