Abstract
With a fourfold increase in the selective fluoride removal capacity of limestone, to 4.38 mg/g, phosphoric acid (PA)-enhanced limestone has been found to be a competent adsorbent material for fluoride removal. The PA-enhanced limestone has been characterized and its fluoride sorption has been studied using various models. The removal of fluoride in the process has been found to take place through precipitation–adsorption. While the adsorption is monolayer in the absence of PA, intraparticle penetration of fluoride takes place in the presence of PA. Physical adsorption on hydroxyapatite and exchange between OH− and F− ions inside hydroxyapatite are the dominant fluoride removal mechanisms. The sorption–ion exchange is spontaneous, endothermic and follows second-order kinetics.
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