Mechanism of Ca 2+ -dependent Inactivation of L-type Ca 2+ Channels in GH 3 Cells: Direct Evidence Against Dephosphorylation by Calcineurin

Abstract

Dephosphorylation of Ca2+ channels by the Ca(2+)-activated phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) has been previously suggested as a mechanism of Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of Ca2+ current in rat pituitary tumor (GH3) cells. Although recent evidence favors an inactivation mechanism involving direct binding of Ca2+ to the channel protein, the alternative "calcineurin hypothesis" has not been critically tested using the specific calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine A (CsA) or FK506 in GH3 cells. To determine if calcineurin plays a part in the voltage- and/or Ca(2+)-dependent components of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ current decay, we rapidly altered the intracellular Ca2+ buffering capacity of GH3 cells by flash photolysis of DM-nitrophen, a high affinity Ca2+ chelator. Flash photolysis induced a highly reproducible increase in the extent of Ca2+ current inactivation in a two-pulse voltage protocol with Ca2+ as the charge carrier, but had no effect when Ba2+ was substituted for Ca2+. Despite confirmation of the abundance of calcineurin in the GH3 cells by biochemical assays, acute application of CsA or FK506 after photolysis had no effect on Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of Ca2+ current, even when excess cyclophilin or FK binding protein were included in the internal solution. Prolonged preincubation of the cells with FK506 or CsA did not inhibit Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation. Similarly, blocking calmodulin activation with calmidazolium or blocking calcineurin with fenvalerate did not influence the extent of Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation after photolysis. The results provide strong evidence against Ca(2+)-dependent dephosphorylation as the mechanism of Ca2+ current inactivation in GH3 cells, but support the alternative idea that Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation reflects a direct effect of intracellular Ca2+ on channel gating.